The belief that the spirits of the dead can appear to, or affect, the living. It is found in many cultures, and a 2009 Pew Research Center survey found that 18% of Americans said they had seen a ghost; ghosts are not, however, a scientifically testable concept.[1]
By the Project Strange team · Not yet reviewed line by line · 3 sources
On this page
At a glance
- Also known as
- Apparition · Spirit · Spectre · Phantom
- Subject
- Folklore · Reported experience
- Sourcing
- 3 sources listed · 3 cited inline. Not yet reviewed line by line.
Background
BackgroundHistory, folklore and cultural context.
Belief in ghosts is widespread and very old, dating back to animism and ancestor worship in pre-literate cultures. There are many references to ghosts in the religions of ancient Mesopotamia, and belief in ghosts was widespread in ancient Egyptian culture.[1] Many cultures distinguish malignant, restless ghosts from the more benign spirits involved in ancestor worship.[1]
Organised investigation dates back to the nineteenth century, when groups such as the Society for Psychical Research looked into spiritual matters; psychic researcher Harry Price published Confessions of a Ghost-Hunter in 1936.[2]
Modern ghost hunters use devices such as EMF meters, digital thermometers, thermal and night-vision cameras, and audio recorders for "electronic voice phenomena".[2] There is no scientifically proven link between ghosts and cold spots or electromagnetic fields, and sceptical investigator Joe Nickell describes the practice as pseudoscience: the equipment is not designed for the job, and "orbs" in photographs are often dust or moisture.[2] According to the 2009 Pew survey, 18% of Americans said they had seen a ghost.[1]
What witnesses describe
Witness claimsFeatures that recur in accounts. These are claims, not established facts.
- Visual: full-body apparitions, partial figures, mists, or orbs
- Auditory: unexplained sounds, voices, footsteps, knocking
- Physical: objects moved or thrown, doors opening/closing
- Temperature: localised cold spots in otherwise warm rooms
- Electromagnetic: EMF spikes with no electrical source
- Olfactory: phantom smells associated with the deceased
- Often tied to a specific location — particularly sites of trauma or death
Notable cases
Each case is labelled by the kind of account it rests on.
1863Gettysburg, PALater retelling
Gettysburg Battlefield Apparitions
The battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where the Union and Confederate armies fought in July 1863, is widely promoted as haunted; visitors describe soldiers in period uniform and the sounds of battle. We have not yet found a reliable source for the specific claims made about the site.
Read the story as commonly toldHide the story
Unverified: this is the traditional telling of the case. Its details have not been checked against sources and may be inaccurate.
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) resulted in over 50,000 casualties across three days — the bloodiest engagement in American history. Within months of the battle, locals reported seeing uniformed soldiers moving through the fields at night. These reports have continued without interruption for over 160 years.
Witnesses have described seeing Union and Confederate soldiers in authentic period uniforms marching in formation, sometimes vanishing mid-stride. Others report hearing cannon fire, drums, and screams with no source. Tourists have been touched or grabbed by unseen hands at Little Round Top. Multiple visitors have photographed what appear to be period-dressed figures that were not visible to the naked eye at the time of shooting.
The National Park Service has received thousands of reports. A study by historians found that the most active reported locations — the Triangular Field, the Devil's Den, and the Wheatfield — correspond precisely to the areas of highest battlefield mortality. Independent ghost investigation teams using audio, thermal, and EMF equipment have produced anomalous readings consistently in the same locations across multiple visits over decades.
Gettysburg is considered by paranormal researchers to be one of the most evidentially robust haunted locations in the United States, primarily due to the sheer volume of independently corroborating accounts from witnesses who had no prior knowledge of the location's history.
1977Enfield, UKWitness claim
The Enfield Poltergeist
Between 1977 and 1979, a council house in Enfield, north London, became the centre of claimed poltergeist activity around sisters Janet (11) and Margaret Hodgson (13). Neighbours, investigators and journalists reported voices, knocking, thrown toys and moving furniture.[3]
Read the story as commonly toldHide the story
Unverified: this is the traditional telling of the case. Its details have not been checked against sources and may be inaccurate.
In August 1977, single mother Peggy Hodgson contacted police after furniture began moving on its own in her terraced house in Enfield, north London. The activity centred on her 11-year-old daughter Janet — and over the following 18 months, more than 30 witnesses including police officers, journalists, and SPR researchers documented what became one of the most thoroughly investigated poltergeist cases in history.
The phenomena escalated rapidly. Janet and her sister Margaret were photographed levitating from their beds. A voice that claimed to be the spirit of a former tenant — Bill — began speaking through Janet in a raspy, masculine register. The voice knew details about the house's history that the family could not have known. Objects flew across rooms, furniture dragged itself across floors, and Lego bricks and marbles materialised from nowhere and struck investigators.
SPR investigators Maurice Grosse and Guy Lyon Playfair spent over 14 months at the house. Both were initially sceptics. Grosse documented over 2,000 separate incidents. Voice recordings were analysed by audio experts who found the raspy voice produced by the forced exhalation of air over the false vocal cords — a sound that causes permanent injury if sustained and that an 11-year-old could not produce voluntarily for extended periods.
The case has been criticised by those who point to footage of Janet appearing to fake levitation by bouncing on her bed. Grosse maintained that this isolated incident of play did not account for the full 18 months of documented activity witnessed by adults. The Enfield case remains the benchmark against which all poltergeist investigations are measured.
Disputed or contrary evidence
Society for Psychical Research members Anita Gregory and John Beloff were unconvinced and found evidence the girls had faked incidents for journalists; investigator Maurice Grosse saw Janet bang a broom handle on the ceiling and hide his tape recorder. Grosse and Guy Lyon Playfair accepted that some activity was faked but believed other incidents were genuine.[3]
2003Hampton Court, UKLater retelling
Hampton Court CCTV Apparition
In 2003, security cameras at Hampton Court Palace near London were reported to show a fire door opening and a figure in what looked like period dress. The footage was widely covered at the time; we have not yet found a reliable source for the details usually given.
Read the story as commonly toldHide the story
Unverified: this is the traditional telling of the case. Its details have not been checked against sources and may be inaccurate.
In October 2003, staff at Hampton Court Palace in Surrey — Henry VIII's 16th-century royal residence — were repeatedly called to investigate a fire door in a closed wing of the palace that was setting off an emergency alarm by being forced open from inside. When they arrived, the corridor was empty with no one visible on camera.
On the third alarm, the palace's own CCTV footage was reviewed. The recording showed the fire door bursting open with considerable force from inside. A figure in what appeared to be a long, dark, period costume briefly filled the doorway before the doors swung shut. The figure was clearly not there on repeat viewings, and no member of staff or public was in that wing at the time.
Palace security described the footage as "alarming" and stated they could find no rational explanation. The footage was released publicly and attracted international media coverage. Analysts who examined it found no evidence of tampering, and the door's behaviour — swinging open with force from the secured interior side — was not consistent with wind, mechanical failure, or any identifiable physical cause.
Hampton Court is reportedly one of Britain's most haunted locations, with documented sightings of figures including Catherine Howard (Henry VIII's fifth wife, executed at the Tower of London) and a grey lady seen at the same locations over four centuries. The 2003 CCTV incident remains officially unexplained by palace management.
Images
Photos often cited in connection with this subject. Inclusion doesn't mean they are authentic; many are disputed.
The Newby Church photograph, taken in 1963 by Reverend K. F. Lord. The figure was not seen at the time of shooting.
Not reproduced here because we haven’t been able to confirm its licence (credited to Reverend K. F. Lord).
Read about it at the sourceExplanations
InterpretationGrouped by the kind of explanation, not ranked by likelihood.
Conventional explanations
Known animals, natural processes, perception, memory, or hoaxes. These rely on things that are well established; whether one fits a particular case depends on the case.
- Hallucinations triggered by electromagnetic fields (Persinger effect)
- Infrasound causing feelings of dread and visual anomalies
Paranormal and speculative ideas
Depend on entities, forces or physics that no evidence has established.
- Spirits of deceased persons who have not crossed over
- Residual haunting — a psychic imprint replaying past events like a recording
- Stone tape theory — buildings absorb and replay emotional energy
References
Numbered as cited in the text; sources not cited inline are listed afterwards as background reading.
- 1.GhostWikipedia
- 2.Ghost huntingWikipedia
- 3.Enfield poltergeistWikipedia
Known gaps
- The Gettysburg and Hampton Court cases are retold here as commonly reported. We have not yet found reliable published sources for their details, including the claims that the National Park Service has received "thousands of reports" and that analysts found no tampering in the Hampton Court footage.
- Earlier versions of this entry cited a 10% figure from the Society for Psychical Research’s 1894 census of hallucinations; it has been removed until it can be checked against the original.
Know something we missed?
Strangepedia is maintained by the Project Strange team. If you have a correction, a source, or a case to add, send a suggestion and we’ll review it.
Suggest an editCommunity reports
Top-voted reports from Project Strange members in the Paranormal category. These are first-hand accounts, not verified events.
The Figure at the End of the Hospital Corridor — Night Shift, Ward 6
I am a nurse. I have worked nights for eleven years. I do not scare easily. At 3:15 AM I was walking the main corridor of Ward 6 to do obs checks. The corridor is long, well-lit,…
- Location
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, England
- Date of event
- Happened Dec 7, 2024